Lobbying and United States - 3946 Words

LOBBYING Introduction Any association of individuals or organizations, usually formally organized on the basis of one or more shared concerns, attempts to influence public policy in its favour. All interest groups share a desire to affect opinion or policy of the policy makers or target group to benefit themselves or their causes. Their goal could be a policy that exclusively benefits group members. They attempt to achieve their goals by lobbying—that is, by attempting to bring pressure to bear on policy makers to gain policy outcomes in their favour. Interest groups are a natural outgrowth of the communities of interest that exist in all societies. Politics and interests are inseparable. The common goals and sources of interest†¦show more content†¦But by far the largest component of this category is government in its many forms. At the national level, government agencies, such as the British Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, lobby on their own behalf to secure fundi ng or to prioritize certain issues; at the regional level, public universities lobby the appropriate government (e.g., provincial governments in Canada and state governments in the United States) for funding or legislation that benefits them; at the local level, school boards may lobby the local government for money for a new school gymnasium or for more funding for educational programs. At the international level, the United Nations may lobby its members to pay their outstanding contributions to the organization or to carry out Security Council resolutions. Although formally organized associations play a predominant role in traditional lobbying efforts, non-associational groups and interests often have an important influence. Such interests lack a formal organization or permanent structure. They include spontaneous protest movements formed in reaction to a particular policy or event and informal groups of citizens and officials of public or private organizations. For example, Frenc h farmers have sometimes held up traffic in Paris to protest government agricultural policy. The role of interest groups in public policy making: pluralistShow MoreRelatedSubsidies And The Lobbying Power Behind The United States1493 Words   |  6 PagesFor many countries, subsidies and the lobbying power behind them can have great effects on governmental policies and direction. By far, though, the agricultural subsidies advocates in the United States and, to a slightly lesser extent, the European Union have profound sway in government policies. Being dubbed the â€Å"breadbasket of the world† gives farmers and their lobbyists in the US immense power to ensure that the government subsidies continue to favor agriculture producers. By and large, this practiceRead MoreThe Effects Of Free Speech On The United States1729 Words   |  7 PagesAs an American citizen and a late bloomer to the political arena in the United States, I find myself arriving in an disheartening and frightening environment. Where I have suddenly awoken in a dis-utopian world of money, power and gr eed, where the rich elites of the population has all the power to speak up. Where money has become more out-spoken and heard than actual dialog, while the majority of the population remains silenced through underfunded attempts to express their views. Giving money theRead MorePolitical Geography And Corporate Political Strategy881 Words   |  4 Pagescorporate lobbying. This article studies the purpose of corporate lobbying, who uses corporate lobbying and the implication of corporate lobbying based on the constant changes in the political map (mid-term and presidential elections). Political geography and corporate political strategy also examines â€Å"the relationship between political geography and corporate political strategy as measured by lobbying expenditures†. M. Antia, I. Kim and C. Pantzalis found that firms tend to increase lobbying expendituresRead MoreHow Lobbying And How Is It Regulated On The Federal Level?1509 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is lobbying, and h ow is it regulated on the federal level? A lobbyist is someone who attempts to influence decisions made by bureaucrats in the government. Politicians and members of governing agencies are the main target of lobbyist. There are two common types of lobbying. Direct lobbying involves a lobbyist expressing their views to someone directly involved with legislation; whereas, grassroots lobbying conveys a view concerning a detailed lawmaking proposal to the community and encouragesRead MoreHow does lobbying work in government1304 Words   |  6 Pages1. How does lobbying work in government? Lobbying is an enormous business. A lobbyist is an advocate who seek outs to influence members of the government (like members of Congress) to endorse legislation that would advantage their group. The lobbying occupation is a lawful and essential part of our democratic political procedure that is not extremely well implicit by the broad population. While the majority people think of lobbyists only as paid experts, there are as well a lot of volunteer lobbyistsRead MorePolitical Analysis Of Immigration Reform1433 Words   |  6 Pageslong history of immigration. It is a complex demographic phenomenon that has been a major source of population growth and cultural change of the United States. People came here because of varies reason, the major reason among them are fleeing crop failure, land and job shortage, rising taxes, and famine. Nearly 12 million people immigrate to the United States between 1870 and 1900, making it the world largest immigrate country. As an old saying goes: â€Å"Everything is a two-edged sword!† although the URead MorePetSmart Case Study: Analysis of the Lobby Issues1269 Words   |  5 PagesCase Background PetSmart is a retail chain headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, with approximately 1,200 locations in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The chain specializes in pet supplies, dog training and grooming, day care for pets, and often has a Banfield Vet Clinic attached. It was founded in 1986, and by 2000 remodeled most of its stores, then in August 2005 changed its name from PetSmart to PetSmart, designed to de-emphasize its mission from a pet supply store to a companion animalRead MoreEssay On Health Care Policy Analysis1154 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy Analysis of the Affordable Care Law Healthcare in the United States is always changing and continually improving best practice methods and patient outcomes. For the end user, the patient, healthcare can be very complex with insurance terminology and high cost deductibles. The healthcare policies that are put into action take years in the making to reach the end user. Over a period of many years, the United States has been trying to provide a form of health insurance for all. In 2008 BarackRead MoreRacism And Racism1326 Words   |  6 Pagesracism have been a major problem in all governments. Inequality is the difference in size, degree, and circumstances. Governments have showed inequality in their economic growth, which also helps them thrive on the poor. Racism is also a benefit to states where the dominant race runs the government. A liberal democracy is a democratic system of government in which individual rights and freedoms are officially recognized and protected, and the exercise of political power is limited by the rule of lawRead MoreShould Congress Place Restrictions on Lobbying? Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pageshave surfaced recently, but one that tends to fly under the radar is lobbying. Lobbying is defined as a group of persons who work or conduct a campaign to influence members of a legislature to vote according to a group’s special interests (â€Å"Lobby†). Although average citizens are not fully aware of the issue, it is q uite contentious in politics. For those who are against it, they believe that restrictions should be placed on lobbying because it distorts democracy. Lobbyists use money and cost-effective

Describe The Research Experiences You Have Had Up To Now..

Describe the research experiences you have had up to now. During the summer between my sophomore and junior year of undergrad at the University of South Carolina, I was accepted into the Ronald E. McNair Post-Baccalaureate Achievement Program. The program was my first introduction into the world of academic research and created a strong foundation for me to build upon as I moved forward. The application process for the program required me to create a research proposal, something that I had never attempted before. I began to understand the complexities of what I would be delving into during the summer. There was no clear direction about what questions to ask or what hypotheses to posit; it was all up to me and what I was interested in. I†¦show more content†¦Because of this there was a learning curve I had to overcome in order to conduct my research, but I feel that this on-hands learning greatly benefited me. By learning the software while using data that I had gathered and knew in-depth to conduct analyses that were crucial to my project, I believe that I came to understand the processes of the software much better than I would have in the classroom. My hypotheses for this project posited that areas with greater numbers of community service programs would have lower rates of crime, both violent and property. The results came to show a very different picture: areas with high crime rates had a greater number of programs, centralized around larger urban areas. These results initially confused me, but it became apparent that my hypothesis was based on the assumption that these community programs were enacted as preventative measures and preceded the high crime rate. Instead, these programs arose as a way to combat and counter the symptoms and byproducts that arise from higher crime rates. While these results were the opposite of what I had hypothesized, I was glad that they were so. It showed me the research does not always follow the path you believe it will and that the results you do get can show something more important than what you had hoped it would. I have presented my findings on several occasions, including at a national McNair symposium in Atlanta and at a global conference, The Ninth World Congress on MentalShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Communication Research Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesWhat Is Communication Research Introduction In this paper we will be discussing communication research, its purpose, goals, and its desired outcomes. Positivism is also a topic that will be touched on. After reading this paper you will be able to fully understand what communication research is and why people decide to go into the field. Body What is communication research? We can first take a look at the definition of the words communication and research as an individual. Please note thatRead MoreIs Google Making Us Stupid Essay 4894 Words   |  4 Pagescomputer affects our thought process. Carr starts out talking about his own experience as a writer and how he felt like â€Å"something had been tinkering with his brain, remapping his neural circuitry and reprogramming his memory†. Since starting to use the Internet his research techniques have changed. Carr said before he would immerse himself in books, lengthy articles and long stretches of prose allowing his â€Å"mind to get caught up in the narrative or the arguments†(July/August 2008, Atlantic Monthly).Read MoreWhy Do I Want To Go To College Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesWe know you lead a busy life, full of activities, many of which are required of you. Tell us about something you do for the pleasure of it. (100 words) Speed, control, freedom. These undeniably satisfactory feelings are difficult to acquire in one’s everyday life. Yet, through my adventures longboarding, I am able to get a whiff of such emotions. As I surf the concrete wave of the hoosier roads, I feel my longboard’s wheels whiz underneath me as if to tell me to go faster. Though I am reachingRead MoreA Research Study On My College Career I Have Spent A Lot Of Time Reading1671 Words   |  7 Pagescollege career I have spent a lot of time reading the research findings of other people. Whether reading an original study, taking notes on a lecture that summarizes research, or reading a textbook chapter that describes the latest knowledge in a particular field, I have been on the receiving end of other people’s research. Finally, in this class, I have performed my own primary research, and created new knowledge with my group. By doing this I have learned so much about research, and about myselfRead MoreWhat Unique Qualities Or Experiences Do You Possess That Would Contribute? 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As I surf the concrete wave of the hoosier roads, I feel my longboard’s wheels whiz underneath me as if to tell me to go faster. Though I am reachingRead MoreQualitative, Qualitative And Qualitative Research1272 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION There are many definitions which describe qualitative research. Qualitative inquiry is a systematic process of describing, analyzing and interpreting insights discovered in every day life. Similar to quantitative research, qualitative methods begin with [empirical] observation of a phenomenon and its characteristics. In qualitative studies, the logic of inference is one of directly observed comparison, resulting in new insights and reclassifications, rather than strict numerical comparisonRead MoreThe Points Raised During The Rac Meeting1449 Words   |  6 Pagesreceived multiple dental extractions under GA. I contacted Fiona Gilchrist (PhD student who did the study) and she said that further exploration of children’s experiences of GA would be useful as â€Å"this was a preliminary study and further research is warranted to explore what information is needed to be given to parents pre-operatively.† Further research with children is needed to identify similarities and differences in the way that GA and oral diseases impact children (and families) with different culturesRead MoreA Study On My Chicano / A Studies Courses Essay1328 Words   |  6 Pagesirreversible damage in the future. Please describe any socio-economic, educational, familial, cultural, or physical hardships or challenges you have overcome. You may attach a separate sheet if you need additional space. As a child I grew up in a community of neighbors that had just as much as I did, hardships and challenges where unknown to me. It was in college in my Chicano/a studies courses that allowed me to view my life challenges. 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National Missile Defense Essay Example For Students

National Missile Defense Essay Star Wars was an idea for the future. It was an idea that was set into motion by Ronald Regan and at the time seemed almost like impossibility. That future is now. Now what seemed impossible is possible with todays technology and the technology to come in the upcoming years. George W. Bush is quickly picking up with where Ronald Regan left off. There is a plan in affect for a Missile Defense System. This system, known to us as The National Missile Defense System (NMD) will be capable of shooting down ballistic missiles, that have been launched by another state or actor, that are directed at the United States or its allies. However, with this plan for NMD that George W. Bush is pushing for, comes great international hostility. Many of the other states are asking the US to stop this project. However though this opposition the President is pushing on, not allowing other counties to compel him to change his mind. The NMD project however controversial it may be on the national and interna tional scale must go on for the sake of the security of our nation. Ever since 1950s the United States has been trying to pursue a ballistic missile system. In that time with the limited technology that was possessed it was not possible to produce an effective defense missile system. However now technology is available to give to several different options to a missile defense. To understand what these options are we must first understand what missile defense is. Right now the United States is currently developing several components for a missile defense system. The idea of this system is to take out in coming ballistic missiles. This system is used to protect the United States and its allies from ballistic missiles launched by other states or terrorist groups. There are three types of missile defense that the United States is currently working on to defend America and its allies. The first of these is a ground-based system. This system is called the ground-based interceptor. Plans a re already in action to have them built in the North Dakota in Alaska. The National Missile Defense is heading this system up. The Ground-Based Interceptors, or GBI mission is to intercept incoming ballistic missiles outside the Earths atmosphere and destroy them solely by the impact of the missile. The GBI will carry no explosives on it of any kind. It will take out the ballistic missile solely by its speed. Ground infrared lasers and space satellites will direct it.The next idea that has been proposed is a laser system. For this system the government has contracted a private company called TRW Inc. the goal of this company is to produce a Tactical High-Energy Laser (THEL). The reason many people think that this will be more effective in protecting America and its allies is due to its effectiveness against short-range weapons. Theater threats-short range cruise missiles that do not leave the earths atmosphere cannot be shot down by a GBI. However, the THEL can shoot down short-rang e weapons as well as medium -range. This was scene in 1996 when a THEL prototype shot down a short-range rocket in flight on its first try. As well as working on THEL, TRW Inc. is working with the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center in order to create a satellite laser system. This system will be capable of taking out intercontinental ballistic missiles. The third option and perhaps the most viable one is one of a mobile missile defense system. This system will be attached to either submarines or battleships. The system will be similar to the GBI, however it will be able to shoot missiles down over international waters before they even approach American soil. One of the questions on many peoples minds now is in light of the events of September 11th what good it is a missile defense system. Many people longer see the need for any of these three types of missile defenses. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War there seems to be no threat of a ma ssive new nuclear attack against United States or its allies. So the real question is now why build this defense system. Who are we defending against?The threat against the United States is no longer a threat from any superpower or any of the first world nations. The threat of ballistic missiles is now thought to be from the Third World nations, or Rouge States. in a statement given by the Deputy Secretary of Defense, Paul D. Wolffowitz, to the Senate of the Armed Service Committee, he said, Imagine, if you will, the following scenario: A rogue state with a vastly inferior military, but armed with ballistic missiles and weapons of mass destruction, commits an act of aggression against a neighboring country. As President Bush sends U.S. forces into theater to respond, the countrys genocidal dictator threatens our allies and deployed forces with ballistic missile attack. Suddenly, almost without warning, missiles rain down on our troops, and pound into the densely populated residentia l neighborhoods of allied capitals. Panic breaks out. Sirens wail, as rescue crews in protective gear race to search the rubble for bodies and rush the injured to hospitals. Reporters, mumbling through their gas masks, attempt to describe the destruction, as pictures of the carnage are instantaneously broadcast across the world. Mr. Chairman, the scene I have described is not science fiction. It is not a future conflict scenario dreamed up by creative Pentagon planners. It is a description of events that took place ten years ago during the Persian Gulf War. As mentioned earlier the threat is no longer against a superpower or a single Nation it is against, it is against rouge states or fundamentalist groups. In a speech given by President Bush to this to the students and faculty at the National Defense University, he stated, Unlike the Cold War, todays most urgent threat stems not from thousands of ballistic missiles in the Soviet hands, but from a small number of missiles in the ha nds of these states, states for whom terror and blackmail are a way of life. They seek weapons of mass destruction to intimidate their neighbors, and to keep the United States and other responsible nations from helping allies and friends in strategic parts of the world.Just because on September 11th the terrorist did not use ballistic missiles does not mean that they will not in the future. By implementing the defense missile system this is an act of deterrence. The defense missile system is not meant to be hostile at all. It is meant for the security and defense of our nation and our allies. It is meant as a defense against fundamentalist groups or rouge states. It is also a defense against other nations such as China. China may have already 300 + nuclear weapons deployed on intercontinental ballistic missiles. On September 2, 1999 contest fired an Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) that consisted of a 5,000 mi. range. It is also working on an ICBM that would be capable of firing 7,500 mi, and being able to be deployed on a submarine. China has used these ICBMs as leverage in dealing with Taiwan. China is a friend of United States, but also seen as a potential threat. Russia, another friend but also seen as a threat, has over 6000 nuclear warheads attached to ICBM, as of July 1999. This is a real threat that the United States does not want to overlook. The fact that there are these weapons are in an unstable Russia, America does not want to risk an accidental fire from them. Many opponents to missile defense see nothing but trouble ahead. They understand it as a deterrence however but a threatening deterrence. Countries like Russia, China, and India see it as a clear violation of the Anti-Ballistic missile Treaty signed in 1972. Russia has many objections to United States creating a missile defense system. The first of these is the fact that they do not want another arms race, and neither do we. Secondly, both China and Russia share this view, is that they do not want missile defense to turn space into an area up of competition. They have read the articles that have been written by Space Command. In these articles it speaks of space being the fourth frontier warfare. China also sees this as an act of aggressive deterrence. They believe that America is just starting another arms race. This aggressive deterrence, in a way is seen by Russia as a form of control on the international playing field. It is not only China and Russia that is opposed to Americas missile defense plan; there are also European concerns as well. Europe is concerned that United States will disregard the comprehensive test ban treaty kill the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM). In a way there is some concern; for if the United States were to continue to pursue a missile defense system the Senate would have to agree on killing the AMB Treaty. The European nations and other states see this as a major failure in U.S. foreign policy. The reason for this being, is because if United States kills the AMB Treaty, then what is to stop other countries, like Russia from creating more ballistic weapons? There are other arguments as well for the opposition of a NMD system. Firstly, people have said that it is like shooting a bullet down with a bullet This leads one to believe that it cannot be done. If you can imagine a gun firing a bullet out of it heading up into the air, than someone else firing a gun into the air trying to hit the first bullet that just fired than you have just pictured what happens in a ground-based inception system. That is just one theory opposed against the NMD. Secondly, many people question the effectiveness of the system. If the system proves to be ineffective, then the billions of dollars that was spent on it are wasted. These are real concerns that many people have and in the past may have been worthwhile. For prior to 1999, there have been many failed tests for a NMD system but there have also been some successful ones according to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization. .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d , .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .postImageUrl , .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d , .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:hover , .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:visited , .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:active { border:0!important; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:active , .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u61973e30f24a2943e8acadaaae06ae1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Water Planet Vocabulary We will write a custom essay on National Missile Defense specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The monetary funding for the Missile Defense Organization is being well used. It is not going to waste and is proven in the success of the tests that have been conducted. There are numerous arguments on why the System should be pushed, and will be pushed, despite it being a violation of the ABM treaty. We should leave behind the constraints of an ABM Treaty that perpetuates a relationship based on distrust and mutual vulnerability, Bush said on a May 1 speech at the National Defense University here in Washington, D.C., and later remarked, This treaty ignores the fundamental breakthroughs in technology during the last 30 years. It prohibits us from exploring all options for defending against the threats that face us, our allies and other countries. Thats why we should work together to replace this treaty with a new framework that reflects a clear and clean break from the past, and especially from the adversarial legacy of the Cold War.Doing away with the ABM is a major issue that the President spoke on. It is unclear at this point in time if the Senate plans on doing away with the treaty or revising it. We have to remember that the Treaty was signed when Russia was still The Soviet Union, which was a different time, place and people. There has been an argument that the treaty is actually void due to the fact that the Soviet Union no longer is in existence. Also another route that the government is working on to get around the ABM treaty is testing with the THEL, which has been proven to be extremely accurate in defending against short to medium range missiles. The main pro to having a Missile Defense scale is an area of security and national defense. What is security then? What does it take for a nation to be secure and defended? In the Cold war what it took to be secure was having the most nuclear weapons. The concept of NMD was a concept of defense and of deterrence. Security was having first and second nuclear strike capabilities. It was about being able to d efend your nation against attack, and if attacked being able to fight back. The real question is: Has anything changed since then? The security of America is still a top priority. However, now in the dawn of a new era, at a time when the World is supposedly demilitarizing itself is there a conflict of interests at stake when looking at creating an Anti-Missile Defense program. Many Counties are accusing America of starting back up the arms race and hindering the well being of the Global Community. Countries accuse America of being to self-motivated in this issue and acting to unilaterally in this. However acting unilaterally is exactly what the other counties of the world are doing. Right now twenty-six states have ballistic missiles at their disposal, and it is estimated that thirty more countries are working on getting them or enhancing that ones that they have.These countries are acting in there self-interest. Take China for an example. So far they have accused the U.S. of aggres sive deterrence. They are purposing that we are being aggressive in our defense. However the very nature of defense is non-aggression. The BGI missiles that the US is using do not carry any explosives on them in any way; their purpose is for defense. The main reason that other actors in the world do not wish for the US to complete the Missile Defense System is because if this happens than there ICBMs would become obsolete. This now no longer is in the military arena, but the political one. If the rest of the Worlds ICBMs were obsolete against the United States they would lose a lot of persuasion that they had before. It is clear that their many states opposed to the missile defense project, however that cannot deter us from our goal. Throughout this project United States has acted unilaterally, and more than likely will continue to do so. It is truly a West versus the Rest as stated in the Clash of Civilizations. if doing a cost benefit analysis one can see that the gains far outwei gh the losses. At this point in time when countries around the world are seeking ballistic missiles we cannot help to think of the security of our nation and our allies. This security can only come with the National Missile Defense Program. .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 , .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .postImageUrl , .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 , .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:hover , .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:visited , .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:active { border:0!important; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:active , .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8 .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udf7de251a23844734369991efa51e3b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Marketing test EssayWORKS CITEDHeritage Foundation Defending America: EndingAmericas Vulnerability to Attack. http://www.heritage.org/library/categories/natsec/bg1074.htmlGeorge W. Bushs case for a National Missile Defense, May 1 2001The Economist, What are they really for? July 19, 2001Foreign Policy, National Missile Defense: Is There Another Way? http://www.foreignpolicy.com/specials/deutch.htmlForeign Affairs, The Missile Defense Debate: To Deploy or not to Deploy. Jul/Aug2001, Vol. 80 Issue 4, p97, 13pNuclear Age Peace Foundation Homepage, http://www.wagingpeace.org/, 2000World Missile Chart Homepage, http://www.ceip.org/files/projects/npp/resources/ballisticmissilech art.htm, Missile Proliferation, http://www.ceip.org/files/nonprolif/weapons/weapon.asp?ID=4weapon=missileproliferationTO DEPLOY OR NOT TO DEPLOYTHE NATIONAL MISSILE DEFENSE ISSUE Prepared for Professor HerbPOLS 2401Prepared byOGrenville BrowneDecember 6, 2001Words/ Pages : 2,624 / 24

Movie Review Finding neverland Essay Example

Movie Review Finding neverland Essay 2004, the year of the indie film, has proved to be a year of movie excellence. Artistic creativity and the need for political messages have found themselves at the center and heart of each movie that has been released. Finding Neverland is one such movie that has proven to have shown artistic creativity, while still sharing themes that are important in society. This movie was released in late 2004 amid the thanksgiving and Christmas holidays, a time where people are frantically shopping for their Christmas presents and getting caught up in the world of work, so it is no surprise that this movie was not widely seen. Finding Neverland was an overall excellent movie. With the work of some great actors (Johnny Depp, Kate Winslet, Julie Christie, and new comer Freddie Highmore) this movie soared into the skies amidst the idle and weak structure. It is the Story of one man (James M. Barrie), who after meeting a widowed women and her four fatherless boys, decides to write the play Peter Pan. But it is much more than this simple plot line. Finding Neverland traverses both fantasy and everyday reality, melding the difficulties and heartbreak of adult life with the spellbinding allure and childlike innocence of the boy who never grows up. (Miramax) After meeting Sylvia and her boys, Peter, Jack, George, and Michael, in the park, Mr. Barrie decides that he wants to become a father-figure to them. He teaches them to use their imagination to escape from the world and its problems. In a society like todays this theme is important for children to hear. The youth of today are loosing their imagination and are replacing it with video games, which fabricate fantasy worlds and even give shape and substance to characters that were once imagined. However, there is a bad side to this theme. Children should not use imagination to escape from the problems that are evident in their lives, because they

Napoleon Bonaparte, Who Is Also Known As The Little Corsican, Was Born

Napoleon Bonaparte, who is also known as the "little Corsican", was born on August 15,1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. His original name was Napoleone. He had 7 brothers and sisters. His original nationality was Corsican-Italian. He also despised the French. He thought they were oppressors of his native land. His father was a lawyer, and was also anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a great leader and revolutionary because was he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to Brienne, a French military government school in Paris. While there he was constantly teased by the French students. Because of this Napoleon started having dreams of personal glory and triumph. From 1784 to 1785 Napoleon attended the Ecole Militaire in Paris. It was there that he received his military training. He studied to be an artillery man and an officer. He finished his training and he joined the French a rmy when he was just 16 years old. His father died after that and he had to provide for his entire family. Napoleon was stationed in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown in August of that year, Napoleon started to make a name for himself and become a well known military leader. In 1792 Napoleon was promoted to captain. In 1793 he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. Soon after that Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general. Napoleon was made commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated many Austrian Generals. Soon after this Austria and France made peace. Afterwards Napoleon was relieved of his command. He had been suspected of treason. In 1795 he broke up a revolt and saved the French government. He had earned back respect and he was once again give command of the French Army in Italy. He came up with a plan that worked very well. He would cut the enemy's army in to two parts, then attack one side of them before the other side could help them. This worked very well against the Sardinian troops, he defeated them 5 times in 11 days. After this Napoleon was almost impossible to stop. This was when he began conquering most of Europe. The first country he defeated was Austria. He collected lots of money and sent it back to Paris, this helped the weak economy of France. After he came close to Vienna, the Austrians surrendered, and made a treaty with France. This gave France the Netherlands, and it made the Rhine River the eastern border of France. He made an unsuccessful attempt to invade Egypt. And in 1799 he returned to France to find the Directory (the French Government) was a mess. The overthrew the Directory, and created a new government, in which there were three consuls, and he was the most important one. At this time, everyone in France loved napoleon, and his power increased. In 1802 France signed a peace treaty with England and Germany, and was now not at war with anyone. He re-established the University of France, reformed the education system, and he founded the Bank of France. He also made the Napolionic Code: The first clear, compact statement of the French law. The Napolionic Code has served as a base for legal systems around the world. He changed the government again and made himself ruler of the French Empire. He divorced his wife Josephine in 1809 and married Marie Louise, the daughter of the Emperor of Austria. He soon had a son by his second wife, and made him king of Rome. He now was the ruler of a great empire, and he had 42 million people under his control. After he tried to invade Russia, his empire began to crumble. And on April 6, 1814 he was forced from the throne. He was exiled to the island of Elba. About a year later, he gathered about 1,000 soldiers and went to Paris and regained power. He ruled for a short time, and then he surrendered to the English. He was exiled to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic, where he

Free Essays on IQ Info

A term referring to a variety of mental capabilities, including the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. Throughout the 20th century scientists have debated the nature of intelligence, including its heritability and whether (and to what extent) it exists or is measurable. The 1994 publication of Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's volume The Bell Curve brought these debates to the forefront of public attention by discussing links between social class, race, and IQ scores, despite the fact that many have questioned the validity of IQ tests as a measurement of intelligence or a predictor of achievement and success. Although the assessment of mental abilities through standardized testing has had many detractors, especially over the past 30 years, the notion that intellect is a measurable entityalso called the psychometric approachlies at the heart of much modern theorizing about the nature of intelligence. A rudimentary forerunner to 20th-century intelligence testing was developed in the 1860s by Charles Darwin's younger cousin, Sir Francis Galton, who, inspired by On the Origin of Species, set out to prove that intelligence was inherited, using quantitative studies of prominent individuals and their families. Galton's work was followed in 1905 by that of French psychologist Alfred Binet, who introduced the concept of mental age, which would match chronological age in children of average ability. It would exceed chronological age in bright children and would be below in those of lesser ability. Binet's test was introduced to the United States in a modified form in 1916, and with it the concept o f the intelligence quotient (mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100). In the meantime, one of the central concepts of the psychometric approach to intelligence had been introduced in England in 1904 by Charles Spearman, who ... Free Essays on IQ Info Free Essays on IQ Info A term referring to a variety of mental capabilities, including the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. Throughout the 20th century scientists have debated the nature of intelligence, including its heritability and whether (and to what extent) it exists or is measurable. The 1994 publication of Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray's volume The Bell Curve brought these debates to the forefront of public attention by discussing links between social class, race, and IQ scores, despite the fact that many have questioned the validity of IQ tests as a measurement of intelligence or a predictor of achievement and success. Although the assessment of mental abilities through standardized testing has had many detractors, especially over the past 30 years, the notion that intellect is a measurable entityalso called the psychometric approachlies at the heart of much modern theorizing about the nature of intelligence. A rudimentary forerunner to 20th-century intelligence testing was developed in the 1860s by Charles Darwin's younger cousin, Sir Francis Galton, who, inspired by On the Origin of Species, set out to prove that intelligence was inherited, using quantitative studies of prominent individuals and their families. Galton's work was followed in 1905 by that of French psychologist Alfred Binet, who introduced the concept of mental age, which would match chronological age in children of average ability. It would exceed chronological age in bright children and would be below in those of lesser ability. Binet's test was introduced to the United States in a modified form in 1916, and with it the concept o f the intelligence quotient (mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100). In the meantime, one of the central concepts of the psychometric approach to intelligence had been introduced in England in 1904 by Charles Spearman, who ...

Short paper on Mill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short paper on Mill - Essay Example Additionally, it is a consequentialist form that states that means get justified by the end. The view can be combined or contrasted with virtues, intentions and compliance with rules as significant to ethics (Rachels & Rachels (2012). The main philosophical position of Mill’s word is that the action’s merits depend on the reference of the consequence (Soifer, 2009). Thus, the theory requires people to have certain knowledge about the future. Hence, the theory can be interpreted as a moral reform manifesto that advocates for a better, enlightened ways of settling ethical issues. Additionally, the theory can act as an analytic doctrine that aims at making explicit the sound moral canons of thinking followed by a good moral reflection. Is it possible to identify the actions that may lead to a great amount of happiness to many people without referring to future knowledge? According to Mill, it is a fact that individuals who are equally capable and acquainted to appreciate and enjoy, give the expectation of happiness in their manner of existence. A few people would consent on changing into any of bad behaviors for the fullest pleasures allowance. Thus, no intelligent person may choose to be a fool in order to attain happiness. People with higher faculties tend to need more to be happy and are capable of having more suffering compared to inferior people (Rachels & Rachels (2012). Therefore, some actions can determine the amount of happiness without referring to the future knowledge as Mill suggests. Utilitarianism suggests that an event or act is right and good when it is beneficial to many people. Hence, a righteous act will fully maximize the greatest utility (Soifer, 2009). Therefore, the case of enslavement of a small group for the happiness of a larger group will be considered as moral. According to James Mill, the ruled, along with the rulers are the perfect example

Inclusion Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inclusion Policy - Essay Example The vision of the policy I to ensure that all the children and young people have a sense of being part of the local community they belong to. It also aims at having all the children educated and can easily access education within their local community unless otherwise. With a target of children ranging form 0-19 (25) years, the participation of their parent and children are crucial in achieving successful implementation of the policy ( Halvorsen & Neary ,2001) .The absence of an inclusion policy may deprive some students of there rights to fully benefit from the education system due to a number of factors (Hampshire County Council 2009). There are children who are disadvantaged in various capacities, have physical disability, encounter learning difficulties and require special attention to achieve their full potential in education and life. The inclusion policy lays a big role in ensuring that the problems faced by this group of children are adequately addresses. Inclusive education, according to its most basic definition, means that students with disabilities are supported in chronologically age-appropriate general education classes in their home schools and receive the specialized instructions delineated by their individualized education programs (IEP's) within the context of the core curriculum and general class activities ( Halvorsen & Neary,2001). According to the policy teachers and parents should be in a position to identify such children and plan for individualized education program that addresses the needs of the child. The purpose of having inclusive education policies is to ensure that the needs of all children are included in the curriculums guiding education. Inclusion policies came to be as a result of inequalities in education sector. These inequalities were in form of gender, racial and disability. For example some white dominated schools did not allow admission of children from minority groups such as the blacks, and if such children were admit ted their life at school would be made unbearable preventing them from achieving their full potential in education. More over, physically or emotionally disabled children were not provided with the adequate attention they required from them to catch up with other children in the class leaving them to lag behind and perform poorly in class (Woodward, 2000). There were great disparities in enrollment, retention and performances between the genders. The reason for the disparity was that during enrollment the most parents did not see the reason for educating the girl child. In addition the girl child was discouraged form undertaking science related subjects and the boys were equally discouraged from taking art based subjects leading to an in imbalance between the girls and boys in the specific subject areas .On the other hand most children with disabilities were being discriminated and they had no right to education like any other child. Inclusion policies were made so that all children would get a chance to access education despite their race, gender or disability (Fazal & Lingard, 2010). Critique of the inclusion policy The policy does not clearly mention the efforts to be taken by Walsall Primary school to cater for children who are discriminated upon because of their disability, gender and racial orientations. The policy talks about an environment where children are valued, respected and their confidence built from a strong partnership with their parents (Woodward, 2000) . Even though this policy sounds good, there is a notable gap in terms of provisions for

Reflection paper- transition from RPN to RN Assignment

Reflection paper- transition from RPN to RN - Assignment Example Transitioning from RPN to RN makes you realize that the work of an RN requires special skills in leadership to ensure all the nurses work in a collaborative manner for the best interest of the patients. Given that the health care facilities have a mixture of both RPN and RN, there is a need for the team to establish synergetic working relations that avoids the possibility of conflicts during the practice. Having served previously as a RPN, I did not have practical experiences of how to handle the different roles that come with being in charge of my team. Consequently, there are times when it becomes difficult to merge all the diverse perceptions held by the nurses in assisting the patients cope with their problems. For instance I have had challenges in creating effective plan for the faster recovery of patients since the other members always come up with alternatives they thought was better especially with regard to quality of care and amount of time spent with the patients. Since most of the members of the team did not have confidence in the suggestions I presented as the best plan for the patients, I felt they did not think I had the qualities to be their leader. Application of my professional skills in conflict resolutions is also a challenge that has affected my practice since the transition from RPN and RN. I have identified that in most cases involving conflicts in the team I work with, there is a breakdown in communication where is becomes difficult passing my point through to the members. This is especially true when seeking to exercise what I consider as my more comprehensive knowledge in nursing by taking advantage of the in-depth and wide knowledge base. There are those in the group who feel they should get more responsibilities as opposed to being limited in the practice of less complex patient needs. This is for instance when selecting between the roles of RPN and RN with members

Pulmonary Embolism as Manifestation of Right Atrial Myxoma

Pulmonary Embolism as Manifestation of Right Atrial Myxoma A  case report and review of literature Abstract We present a case of a 55-year-old man who suffered from shortness of breath and syncope; he was sent to our department for suspecting pulmonary embolism. We proceeded Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) , confirmed the diagnosis which was caused by right atrial mass. After the surgery the patient was diagnosed as right atrial myoma (RAM) with pulmonary myoma emboli without no adverse event. The residual emboli were partially improved after one month anticoagulation. We reported this case and review of the relevent literature to help clinicians improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism caused by RAM. Key words: pulmonary embolism, right atrial myxoma, treatment Pulmonary embolism, most commonly originating from deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the legs, ranges from asymptomatic, incidentally discovered emboli to massive thromboembolism causing immediate death. PTE is a life-threatening disease with a high morbidity. Annually, as many as 300,000 people in the United States die from acute PTE, which is much more common in China at present than 10 years ago (1). About 50-70% emboli of pulmonary embolism originated from deep venous thrombosis (DVT), most of which in lower extremities. Such patients without DVT should screen occult cancer. Although cancer associated venous thrombosis was widespread described, the emboli from benign tumor are less mentioned (2). Majority of the atrial myxoma complicated pulmonary emboli are tumoral, thrombotic emboli were less reported (3,4). We report a rare case of RAM with a pulmonary localization mimicking pulmonary emboli. Case presentation A 55-year-old man was admitted to emergency room with gradually increased shortness of breath for 2 months, syncope and right chest pain for 6 hours. He had a habit of long time sitting and a history of 20 pack-year smoking, and stopped smoking 10 years prior to admission. Initial assessment revealed cyanosis and right breath sound decreased. No pitting edema in lower extremities. Laboratory tests showed ALT 52IU/liter; 93IU/liter; D-Dimer >10ÃŽ ¼g/ml; NT-proBNP 3544 Ñâ‚ ¬g/ml; Troponin I 0.49 ng/ml. Arterial blood gases revealed severe hypoxemia, oxygenation index was 89mmHg; Electrocardiogram showed Sà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Qà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢Tà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢. CTPA revealed right main (Figure 1a), both lobar(Figure 1b,1c) and segmental (Figure 1d) pulmonary arteries(PA) multiple filling defects; right atrium irregular mass(Figure 1d). TTE showed enlargement of right chambers and a right atrial 54*47mm mass attached to the top wall, clear margin, irregular and partial rough on surface, l oose in internal structure, moving along with cardiac cycle, mild prolapse through the leaflets of the tricuspid valve and orifice of inferior vena cava, moderate regurgitation of tricuspid valves with mild pulmonary hypertension. Compressed venous ultrasonography showed negative in both lower limbs. The surgical approach was through a medial sternotomy under extracorporeal circulation. The right atrium wall was opened and a gelatinous consistency tumor with necrosis, fragile, measuring 40*50mm, adhering to the inter-atrial septum (Figure 2), a 30*20*70mm tumor embolus in the right main PA, the distal end was near right upper PA. The tumor cells expressed CD34 and calretinin, and were negative for CK and SMA. The histopathological examination confirmed myxoma (Figure 3) in right atrium and right pulmonary artery. The patient was treated warfarin (target INR, 2-3) for 1 month. Repeated CTPA showed left lower PA filling defect with no improvement after 2 months (Figure 4c), right and other left PA filling defect resolved (Figure 4a, 4b). 2 years follow-up he was asymptomatic. Discussion Cardiac tumors are less common, most of which are from metastasis. The incidence rate of primary cardiac tumors (PCTs) in autopsy ranges from 0.02 to 2.8†°. 30-50% of PCTs are myomas, 75% in the left atrium and only 10-20% arising in the right atrium, which may developing from embryonic or primitive gut rests (5,6,7). Histologically, they consist of an acid-mucopolysaccharide rich stroma. Polygonal cells arranged in single or small clusters are scattered among the matrix. The clinical manifestations of RAM may remain asymptomatic or appear with constitutional, obstructive or embolic symptoms according to the size, fragility, mobility, location of the tumor as well as body position and activity (5,8). Nonspecific constitutional signs, which present in 10-45% of patients with myxoma, are fatigue, fever, dyspnea, chronic anemia, weight loss, general arthralgia, and increase of IL-6, ESR, and CRP (8). Therefore the results of laboratory tests may mimic those for rheumatic disorders. These signs are more common for patients with large, multiple, or recurrent tumors, and usually recovered after resection (9). Pulmonary embolism of RAM fragments or thrombi from the surface may also occur, resulting in dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, syncope, pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure even sudden death. Acute abdominal pain was mentioned in two cases (10). Embolic event in cardiac myxoma is common, with the incidence ranging from 30% to 40% (5) . In the cases of RAM with pulmonary embolism, a smaller size, villous or irregular surface and multi-foci are most common factors associated with embolization (11). The duration period was ranging from 1 day to 3.5 years. The age of patients ranged from 17 to 76 years (mean age 42.8 years), with a higher incidence in women (20/35, 57%). In these cases RAMs are usually attached by a short pedicle to the inter-atrial septum (22/35), mostly in fossa ovalis, others are in free wall, crista terminalis, Koch triangle and multiple origins. Most of the patients were diagnosed with TTE (Transthoracic echocardiography), CT, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), others were with angiography and autopsy. In almost all cases treatment was surgical with removal of the intra-atrial myxomas and the pulmonary emboli, which are usually tumoral. Majority of such patients recovered well after surgery. Four preoperative deaths, two postoperative deaths were reported. Right atrial thrombosis, transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic hepatitis and renal failure were the rare complication (Table 1). TTE and TEE are the most commonly used diagnostic methods in the detection and initial description of atrial myxomas (23). TTE is nearly 95% sensitive for the confirmation of cardiac myxomas, and TEE reaches nearly 100% sensitivity (45). TTE facilitated bedside test to safely detect myxomas in fatal pulmonary embolism as in our patient. TEE produces explicit images of small tumors (1 to 3 mm in diameter), especially in fat patients with poor TTE images (46). The TEE also permits a clearer picture of the attachment of the tumor and more precise characterization of the size, shape, surface, inner structure and location of the mass (47). Although TEE is a semi-invasive diagnostic test with a very low rate of significant complications, lethal pulmonary embolism during TEE procedure has been reported (22). Superior to echocardiography, multi-detectors spiral computed tomography (MSCT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) are more accurate in determining the relationship to normal intra-cardiac structures and tumor infiltration into the pericardium, extension to adjacent vasculature and mediastinal structures, pulmonary arteries emboli and surgical planning (48,49). RAMs manifest as a low-attenuation intra-atrium mass with a smooth, irregular or villous surface on MSCT. Calcifications are seen in about 14% and are more common in right side lesions. Arterial-phase contrast enhancement is usually not apparent, but heterogeneous enhancement is reported on studies performed with a longer time delay (50,51). Varying amounts of myxoid, calcified, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tissue gives them heterogeneous appearances on T1 and T2-weighted images. Delayed enhancement is typical and usually patchy in nature. Steady state free preceesion (SSFP) sequences may slow prolapse through the tricu spid valve in diastole phase and can suggest the attachment point of a stalk lesion. Reconstruction of cine gradient recalled echo (GRE) images enables assessment of lesion mobility and attachment (52). 18F-FDG PET/CT can help the noninvasive preoperative confirmation of malignancy (41). Mean SUVmax was 2.8 ±0.6 in benign cardiac tumors and significantly higher in both malignant primary and secondary cases. (8.0 ±2.1 and 10.8 ±4.9). The SUVmax of myxoma is ranging from 1.6 to 4. Malignancy was determined with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86% with a cut-off SUVmax value of 3.5. A weak correlation between the SUVmax and the size of tumors is found due to the partial volume effect, cardiac motion and respirtatory movement (53). Angiography is an invasive investigation that presents an additional risk of inducing migration of the tumor and only suitable for suspected acute coronary heart disease (37). Surgical removal of the RAM with pulmonary embolism is the first treatment of choice and usually curative (44,45). The crucial aspects of surgery are measures for bi-caval cannulation to prevent intra-operative embolism (27), en-bloc excision of the myxoma with a wide cuff of normal tissue, removal of fragments in pulmonary arteries, and conducted under moderate or deep hypothermia, low circulatory flow or total circulatory arrest based on the extent and sites of the emboli (44). Surgical treatment leads to complete resolution with low rates of recurrence and good long-term survival. The overall recurrence rate is about 1–3% for sporadic atrial myxoma (5,54), which grows an average of 0.24–1.6 cm per year. The risk of recurrence pulmonary embolism after resection has been reported to be 0.4% to 5.0% and interval from excision to recurrence is reported ranging from a few months to 8 years (55). The reasons of RAM recurrence include multifocal origin, incomplete surgical resection, familial disposition or abnormal DNA ploidy pattern. Postoperative annual TTE, V/Q scan for long-term observation should be followed up to detect eventual recurrence of new myxoma and pulmonary embolism. Excision of the recurrent lesions may be the only choice of treatment because of the poor role of chemotherapy and radiation (28). Pulmonary emboli from RAM are usually tumoral, although discriminating myxomas from thrombi in pulmonary arteries is difficult. Daniel T et al (56) presented the first case of paradoxical pulmonary embolism in the presence of a left atrial myxoma withouingt intra-cardiac shunting, potentially secondary to a combination of hemolysis, hemeoxygenase-1 up-regulation, systemic hypercoagulability/hypofibrinolysis, and regional venous stasis. Pulmonary thromboembolism complicated to RAM improved by coumadin therapy in a refused surgery patient (40). In our case the surgery do not remove the right side emboli, while anticoagulation was helpful for residue emboli remission, which confirmed coexistence of myxoma and thrombi. We suggest anticoagulation may be the useful in unresectable myxoma with pulmonary embolism. The duration of anticoagulation in pulmonary thromboembolism is at least three months, but the course in patients with RAM is still unknown. Conclusion According to review of the literature, RAM may not be timely diagnosed, or even totally undiagnosed. Because of the fragile consistency of RAM, pulmonary embolism are the most common comorbidity and mortality disease, usually be fatal. Surgical removal of masses from the atrium and pulmonary arteries is almost uneventful. Although the association between right atrial myxoma and pulmonary embolism has been described, the presence of thrombi was less mentioned. We suggest anticoagulation may be a choice of treatment after operation, especially in incomplete resection cases. Annual TTE and V/Q are suggested for a period of 8 years when the risk of recurrence is reported. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Last Day at School

The last days of one’s long stay anywhere are usually as sad as memorable. The place oneloves to stay in cannot be left for good (forever) without thoughts that bring tears to theeyes and grief to the hearts. Who will not accept that the college is a place which astudent will never like to leave happily? It was perhaps my saddest experience that Iunderwent on my last day in college, just before the preparatory holidays before the present examination. I got lip early in the morning thinking that I should go to college early and stay there latefinally to say farewell to the mother of knowledge, that is, my college.When I reachedthere on the sunny April morning, the flowers were smiling and the trees were welcomingme by stretching out their branches far into the air. Passing by the flowerbeds along thelong road covered with the most attractive trees of the area, 1 reached the main buildingwhere I was to attend my first class of the day. It was the English language class and thete acher, Mr. Tayyab Siddique, was standing before us smiling in his usual frank andhomely way. He shook his head at us, laughed a little and then kept quiet. †What day is itmy students? he asked us. †Sir, it is Tuesday. † †No,† he replied,† It is the last day for allof us together. † Our teacher taught us a short poem by Wordsworth in a most movingway, and then engaged us in conversation. He recalled some incidents in our class of some minor quarrels and his own anger at them. Then he asked us to forget all past bitterness and be friends again. He brought to our minds some pleasant happenings,especially our outings together into the countryside and our cricket and football matchesin the college grounds.The classes on the last day following the English class were full of interest and funr There was teaching, but there were jokes and discussions too leading to some hearty promises between teachers and students not to forget each other. After the classes, someof us decided to go round the most favourite spots on the campus. The first place we went to was the college cafeteria, the usual centre of refreshments, jokes, gossips and petty quarrels. Mir Sahib sitting at the counter welcomed us feelingour passionate moods.We had some cold drinks and snacks together and exchange^ our addresses and discussed our future plans. As 1 stood up with my class-fellows to leavethe cafeteria, I felt the burden of thoughts and feelings crushing me heavily as we werestepping out amidst the loud talk and clamour (loud confused noise) of other studentseating and drinking and making merry. Inen we started for the college hostel, and passing over the green lawns and throughsymmetrical hedges, reached the New Hostel. There I found several of our juniors,ra year students, perhaps waiting for us anxiously T’^v were clapping and waving a ! envelope directed at us. I went close to them, took the envelope, and at once pened it upto find a beauti fully written invitation to a variety show in the evening. About half an hour later, I returned home from the hostel after a familiar chat with the junior students and other friends. In the evening, I returned to college to watch the variety show in the hostel which was, infact, a farewell show for the departing fourth year students. The singers and actorssurprisingly included our English and science teachers and junior and senior students.Afew guest singers from other colleges also took part in the variety i -†¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ -aj-. ime. ThePrincipal and Vice-Principal at the end spoke over the microphone narrating some fine jokes and reproducing some experiences of their stay in the college concerning especiallythe performance of the outgoing fourth year class in studies and sports. And, with the endof the speeches, ended all our formal connections with our beloved college. The teachersand students bade farewell to us with the best of wishes, and we bade farewell to themwith respect and love.From the noises and laughter of the grand gathering in the spreading lawns of the collegewe came out into the stillness of darkness and night. Weighed down with a heavy heartand moving along the lonely road on my bicycle late at night, I was feeling the greatestloss of my life-the loss of college life, for my parents were already planning to send me toa university for post-graduate studies-and the maturity of university life was perhaps nocomparison with the simplicity and innocence of college life

Hurricanes Versus Tornados

Two devastating and deadly natural disasters are the hurricane and the tornado which both cause heavy amounts of damage and are uncontrollable. There are many similarities in how hurricanes and tornadoes are formed. Although they are distinct disasters, hurricanes, and tornadoes pose similar threats to resources because of high winds which can destroy properties and affect the economy along with people’s lives. Both the hurricane, and the tornado are rated on a category scale. First, devastating, and deadly natural disaster is a hurricane. In order for a hurricane to form it has to begin in a warm atmosphere. The seas are normally at their warmest from June to November. A hurricane requires sea- surface temperatures of at least 26 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit). This provides energy for the hurricane and causes more evaporation making humid air and clouds. The winds coming together force air upwards and winds flow outwards above the storm, allowing the air below to rise. Now this is what makes the storm and the light winds outside the hurricane steers it and this is how it grows into a formation of a hurricane. All hurricanes are dangerous and can cause numerous amounts of damage but the most dangerous parts of hurricanes are storm surges which also cause huge amounts of damages because of flooding. The flooding is caused by winds pushing ocean water toward sand. It is estimated that ten-thousand people die each year because of hurricanes. Many of human’s deaths are caused mainly by the flooding that occurs during a hurricane. For example, during hurricane Katrina in two-thousand and five it was devastating because much of the city of New Orleans flooded. Some eighteen-hundred people lost their lives because of hurricane Katrina and more than twenty-five hundred injuries occurred as well. No one wants to be caught in a hurricane because nowhere in a hurricane are you safe. This is why it is important to look for hurricane warnings and to evacuate if it is recommended in your area. Second, devastating, and deadly natural disaster is a tornado. A tornado can occur anywhere in the world. Most tornadoes in the United States form in an area called â€Å"tornado alley† the formation of a tornado is from a combination of thunderstorms, wind shears (change in wind speed or direction), and updrafts (upward moving winds). A tornado begins in a severe thunderstorm called a super cell. A super cell thunderstorm is a huge rotating thunderstorm and this can last for several hours. Usually these storms are likely to produce long lasting tornadoes and baseball sized hail. This is why super cell tornadoes are typically the largest and most damaging tornadoes because of the long duration of the storms. Many tornadoes cause high winds and sometimes massive damage. Violent winds cause trees to be uprooted, cars lifted, and roofs ripped off homes. For example, one of the most violent tornadoes was in Oklahoma City in 1999. It was one of the costly tornados in the United States history. Some 44 people died and more were to be reported. More than 750 people were injured in the Oklahoma City tornado. This was rated as an F5 causing incredible damage to homes, structures, cars, etc. In America there are emergency broadcasts which state the scale and category of the disasters. Both hurricanes and tornadoes are rated by how much damage they cause. Hurricanes are rated on a Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale. It was originated in 1969 by two men one named Herbert saffir who was an engineer with those skills Herbert could determine the destruction that would be caused by the high winds and storm surges associated by a hurricane. The second man involved in this scale was Robert Simpson; he was a meteorologist whose knowledge of the weather helped in determining wind speeds and intensity of storm surges. The categories of this scale are from one to five, five as the most destructive. Tornadoes are rated on a Fujita tornado intensity scale. The Fujita scale was created in 1971 by a man named Professor Theodore Fujita also known as â€Å"Mr. Tornado. † He was a pioneer in the study of tornadoes. Those studies helped create some basic knowledge of severe storms. The categories of this scale are from F-zero to F-five, five as incredible damage. As of yet there is no other tornado that has occurred with incredible damage besides the 1999 Oklahoma City tornado that was rated as an F5 (incredible damage). Wind speeds play a big role in the destruction caused from both hurricanes and tornadoes. Two devastating and deadly natural disasters are the hurricane and the tornado which both cause heavy amounts of damage and are uncontrollable. Both the hurricane and tornado can cause severe damage to many people’s homes, properties, and affect the economy. Many hurricane damages come from the flooding and the tornado damages come from the violent winds. Both the hurricane, and the tornado can be very deadly and this is why many humans should always be aware and look for warning signs that will be broadcasted in their area before a disaster occurs. Broadcasts will also keep you posted on the latest information on a hurricane or tornado, and it will also state if there will be an evacuation in the area. It is very important to watch all broadcasts because this could be a life saver for many humans.

Critical Skills for Managing Your Time in College

Critical Skills for Managing Your Time in College Everyone knows that good time management skills are important for students if youre going to do well in school. But what skills are needed for good time management? The 5 skills listed below just might be the most important time management skills youll learn during your time in school. Sure, they seem easy on the surface but executing them on a daily basis can be harder than it looks. If youre having trouble, just try one a week until theyve all become habit. The Ability to Say No Party this weekend? Cool club to join? Overnight trip on Saturday? Quick pizza with your roommates that turns into 3 hours of just hanging out? Helping that cutie you have a crush on with the chemistry homework? Learning to say no can often feel darned near impossible during your time in college but saying yes to everything can often be impossible, too. Learning how to say no is difficult but important for good time management. Spacing Things Out Translation: Dont procrastinate. Do you know you have an ugly midterm/paper/lab report/research project due in, say, one month? Dont wait until the last week to get started. Space things out a bit so you manage your time and workload in a steady flow instead of one gigantic wave. Using Social Time Wisely College is amazing because there is always something fun going on that you want to be a part of. Unfortunately, college is also incredibly challenging for this exact same reason. Instead of feeling like youre missing out on something whenever you try to do your homework, work your on-campus job, etc., remind yourself that there will be something fun to go do once youre done. And then you wont have to feel guilty about enjoying yourself  since youll be all caught up. Prioritizing and Reprioritizing No matter how on top of things you are, life just happens sometimes ... which means, of course, that youll get sick, your computer will crash, your roommate will have some kind of drama, and youll lose your cell phone. Good time management often requires the ability to prioritize and reprioritize and reprioritize again as things come up. And having good time management skills also means that, when things shift around, youll be able to deal with it instead of suddenly finding yourself in a crisis. Keeping Your Health/Sleep/Exercise In Check Sure, you have about 25 hours worth of work to do each day and that doesnt count the time required to sleep, eat, and exercise. Yet filling in those 3 little things can really make all the difference in your ability to manage your time well in school. Staying up a little too late here or there? Maybe not eating a healthy dinner every night of the week? Usually okay. Making those actions not just exceptions but patterns in your college life? Bad idea. In order to stay on your game, you have to be physically and mentally able to play your game. Practicing a little self-care can really go a long way to making sure you can take care of all you need to do with your limited time while in school.

truman s harry essays

truman s harry essays Truman was a simple honest man. His impact on world history however was much more than simple. In his life he would take part in both world wars and serve two terms in office as Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884. His full name was Harry S. Truman. The S did not stand for anything but was put there to appease his two relatives whos names started with s. He was the eldest of three children with a younger brother Vivian, and a younger sister Mary Jane. His parents were not rich but his mother, Martha Ellen Young Truman, always found that money was there for piano lessons or books. Truman moved to Independence when he was six. He went to the Presbyterian Church and attended Sunday school (he met his future wife Elizabeth Wallace here). Truman began school at eight years of age. His two passions, reading and music, helped him gain a strong education and high grades. His large glasses and vast knowledge also alienated himself from other children. After graduating in 1901, his future was unclear. His poor eyesight barred him from military service and his families financial situation would not allow him to go on to college. Truman worked as a time keeper for thirty five dollars per month at Sante Fe Railroad. He still read up on histories and encyclopedias when he could find the time. He moved to Kansas City and worked as a clerk for the Kansas City Star, he then began work at the National Bank of Commerce and finally the Union National Banks book keeper. He returned home in 1906 after his grandfathers death. The family had inherited a farm in Grandview Missouri and for ten years Truman worked and became quite a successful farmer. He had his first small taste of politics when he joined the local democratic party organization, run by Mike Penergast. He was made Grandview Postmaster. Truman invested some money in Lead mines and then oil fields. He sold his stocks and enli...

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Operations Management - Essay Example Operations management is a paradigm of industry lined by means of the manufacture of products and deliverance of services, as well as engages the accountability of making sure that business processes are well-organized in areas of employing as small resource as needed, plus effectual in conditions of convincing consumer needs. It is linked by means of organizing the procedure that adapts contributions in the shapes of labor, materials also energy into production like services and goods (Spain Exchange, 2009). â€Å"Operations are collection of core actions of an organization, and engage the manufacturing, selling, and maintenance of the products and services that the organization produces† (Shelly, Cashman, & Vermaat, 2005). And â€Å"Operations management is acknowledged as production/operations management; design, operations, and improvement of the productions/operations systems that develops the organization’s main products or services† (Shim & Siegel, 1999). â€Å"The operations management of a company consists of the design, operation, and enhancement of the activities that produce and distributes the basic products and services of the company. From an organizational approach, operations management can also be described as the organization of the direct resources that are necessary to develop and distribute company’s products and services. Operations management is a part of an organization which deals with the development of products and services, as wel l as comprises the job of making certain that organization’s actions are well-organized and successful† (Jayalath, 2009). Operations management can exactly be well thought-out as a subject of business related with the manufacturing of commodities and services, and covers the sole accountability of making certain therefore as to business procedures are well-organized in terms of utilizing as low resource as required, and efficient in terms of fulfilling customer needs (Fisher College of Business, 2008).

Understanding managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Understanding managment - Essay Example The LIPC Integration Plc is a company undergoing a revolt from its employees from the aspects of introduction of new techniques within the payment system of the company. Further, the LIPC Integration Plc management team is adopting a rather different approach to the compensation strategies of the employees, a development that is not receiving the support of the employees. Thus, the bureaucratic approach by the management is raising varied issues within the given departments of the company employees. The suggestion to compensate employees depending on the given actual grade performance is raising mixed reactions for the employees and the complaints are virtually reaching a heightened level of aggravation. The issues in consideration at the management level include that the management is unwilling to increment the pay for the workers. The organization management is unwilling to adopt a different work structure for the workers as they are requesting, a factor that is reflecting their pr actice of the classical theory, which has the core characteristic of being too rigid and authoritative. This classical theory is in effect casing defect in the successful implementation of the proposed changes I the organizational management of the employee needs. The classical theory helps the organizational management to focus on its structure and the planned economic rewards rather than the individual freedoms and a conducive working environment. This establishment is affecting the approach of effective management that LIPC Integration Plc could adopt to manage the needs and expectations of the workers. The workers approach to the position undertaken by the organization is another perspective that is key to understanding the accommodation of the organizational theories in the management process. The workers in the design department have reiterated their

Identify and describes four cultural resources Essay

Identify and describes four cultural resources - Essay Example The men were the ones who go out and hunt, while the women gathered the small animals, fruits and plants that could be utilised for making food, tools and clothes. The women are also regarded as the â€Å"light of the family†, wherein their role are also confounded to making meals and overlooking the overall welfare of the family. Their traditional values were kept alive through dreamtime stories, songs and dances that are being passed on from generation to generation. Dreamtime stories were also relayed through rock or bark paintings (Australian Builder, 2006). There are hundreds of aboriginal groups in Australia. Some are defined and named through their autonyms or name used by the group while some from their exonyms or the name given by another group for a certain aboriginal group (and not by the group themselves). In some instances, these groups were named from their area. One of the aboriginal groups present in Australia is the Irukandji, situated in the coastal strip of Cairns, Queensland. From the word â€Å"east†, the Irukandji group were seafarers who lived with their ancestors or extended families. During night time, they reside in sand dunes with the beach fire burned to light their surroundings and keep mosquitoes away from them. On the other hand, they reside in semi-permanent huts during the wet season. Like the rest of the aborigines, they believe in nature spirits. The Irukandji believed that the Rainbow Serpent Gudjugudjum created their landscape (Tindale, 1974). Often referred to as â€Å"the Cradle of Western Civilisation†, Greece and its unique culture is one of the pivotal influences in the field of arts, philosophy, architecture, religion, math, sciences and music (among other influences) all over the globe. Western art and early Christianity have been tremendously influenced by the Greeks through the latter’s Byzantine art and architecture

Globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay Example for Free

Globalization in Sub-Saharan Africa Essay ABSTRACT It is factual that globalization began before the industrial revolution was existent in the colonial period and continues to be a major influence on how governments worldwide operate. When analyzing the effects of globalization, a common controversial debate is whether globalization has maimed the society or has brought significant benefit. The African society is used severally by anti-globalists to defend their views. This paper explores the negative dynamics of globalization in Sub-saharan Africa e.g. undermining of state sovereignty and hastening of environmental degradation of the continent. However, it does not suggest that globalization is entirely bad nor does it say that globalization is the only cause of Africa’s problems. It proposes some measures that can be considered when globalizing the African market so that this negative effects can be minimized. INTRODUCTION The nations of the world have synchronized their trading goods and services, financial markets, Ideologies, innovations and cultures through globalization. The free flow market policy adopted by many countries has led to significantly positive outcomes in the broader African region for example, creating new job ventures and advancements in technology. However, globalization has also cast a dark shadow on some sectors of the African economy , an issue that this paper will put into perspective with a particular case study on the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some proposed consequences of globalization addressed here include increased conflicts in the area, erosion of state sovereignty, imbalance in the ecosystem and income inequality. Sub-Saharan Africa is a term used to refer to all of Africa except the Northern region. Most of their economies are agricultural based and are not as stable as those in the Western world. The average income in sub-Saharan Africa is below the poverty line level. Nevertheless, this region enjoys a large comparative advantage on raw resources in the extractive industries for example minerals and oil. The demand for these minerals can perhaps explain why immediately before the great recession in 2008,there was the 27% increase in FDI; the highest ever seen(Jaja:3).Foreign companies can obtain these minerals at a very low cost in some African countries and reap huge marginal benefits. Some of the avenues they use to get them are questionable as is the case with the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Congo Zaire) is a central African nation that borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its neighbouring countries include Central African Republic Southern Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Angola and Tanzania (the two are separated by Lake Tanganyika).It is the second largest nation by area with over 65 million people. It was a Belgian colony and gained independence in June 1960. DRCongo has the most variety in biodiversity in Africa and enviable amounts of rare natural resources such as diamond, copper, gold, cobalt, timber and coltan. With its resources one would expect that such a country would be awash with prime economic developments, projects to exploit all agricultural potential and high standards of living. On the contrary, most of the civilians in DRC live in poverty and have not benefited from the rich well of resources they have. They are victims of years of civil war, propelled by power- hungry, conniving national leaders and part of the international community. A sneak peak into the colonial history of DRCongo reveals that the exploitation of the minerals for self-intrests is not a recent phenomena. POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DRC In the late 1800s, King Leopold of Belgium acquired full rights of ownership of the Congo territory at the Conference of Berlin. He governed it like private property and the area experienced some developments. However, this came at the expense of the local people because they were treated as slaves and could not reap any fruits from their labour. Intense pressure from the international community on the Belgian parliament led to the reclaiming of the Congo region from the king’s hands. It was renamed The Belgian Congo state from 1908. There was significant economic growth at the time but the indigenous people were on the losing end again, exploited and enslaved. The fight for independence was won on June 1960 with Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister and Joseph Kasavubu as president. Lumumba would later be fired and Joseph Mobutu, chief of staff of the new army, aimed to ‘restore’ the relationship between the two leaders with the help of the USA and Belgium governments. In January 1961, Katanga forces and Belgian troops executed Patrice. The Katanga succession ended in 1963 with the help of UN forces. There were several governments afterwards; the most notable one being that of Mobutu Sese Seko. His ‘career’ as president began in 1971. He was largely dictatorial; for example he revoked the powers of the legislature, fired the prime minister and conducted an election where he was the only candidate. Funds were mismanaged, state cooperations collapsed and the country was in debt. He renamed the country several times but officially used Congo-Zaire. Note that he had several billions of US dollars in a Swiss Bank account and still had favour with the USA government. It is believed that he even had a world bank official as a personal assistant. This in turn gave him â€Å"confidential information about granting aid to Zaire†. (Reno 1998:152) In 1994, the DRC was a refuge for the many Rwandese Hutus fleeing the Rwandan genocide. Refugee camps a few kilometers from the border with Rwanda were planning zones for attacks into Rwanda. Mobutu cheered them on. However in 1996, Rwandan led forces backed by Uganda and the The Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire, led by Laurent Kabila, advanced into Kinshasa to close down Hutu camps in Eastern DRC.As a result, Mobutu’s government was overthrown when he was away and Laurent Desire Kabila was declared president. Kabila’s leadership was no different from his predecessor’s. Conflict between his government and rebel groups ensued in August 1998 because Kabila saw the Rwandese rebels as threat to his government. The Ugandan group, led by Congolese warlord John Pierre Bemba, formed the Movement for the Liberation of Congo, joined the Rwandese and together they terrorized the citizens and the government .Kabila requested for military assistance from the international community but they hesitantly supported him since they did not know him enough to trust him. In 1999, the rebels and the government signed a peace accord and six other countries were witnesses. A new constitution was promulgated in May 2005 and in 2006 the first free and fair elections were held. Tension increased just before elections and the government, backed by the UN, disarmed all non- governmental factions to keep the nation stable. The trail of this civil war commonly equated to Africa’s first world war has left a trail of death, despair and pain amongst the people with over 5 million dead, several displaced, and thousands of women and children raped. It is interesting to question the ability of the rebel groups to oust governments sequentially. Could someone be funding them? Are there some hidden interests? The minerals in the DRC, and coltan in particular, are treasured gems in the technological era. When raw, coltan, which is composed of columbium and tantalum, looks like black mud or sand. It is used to produce capacitors. Capacitors are used to conduct electrical charge in high tech equipment for example cellular phones, computers and some jet engines. The DRC has the world’s largest reserves of the mineral. Four fifths of the world’s supply of coltan is in Africa and DRC has eighty percent of it. In the late 1900s,the sales of tantalum increased by three hundred percent. This time period coincided with the times of civil war in the DRC.As Dena Montague states in her article, â€Å"Stolen Goods: Coltan and Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo†, international cooperations such as Banro-resources cooperation, Finconcorde and Raremet imported DRC coltan via Rwanda for use in Asia, Europe and US A. In response to UN accusations of involvement in illegal trading H.C Stark, one of the largest producers of capacitors commented that they only purchase raw materials from established companies. However, established companies were indeed involved in illegally obtaining goods from DRC. Investors restructured deals in support of Desire Kabila instead of Mobutu in 1996.This was a violation of the constitution which stated â€Å"The soil and subsoil belong to the state-prospecting, exploration and exploitation requires permits from Ministry of Mines and Energy.† Local militia backed by Ugandan and Rwandese forces got supplies in form of food, money and military equipment in exchange for smuggled goods. The militia men took stronghold of areas with huge deposits of gold and coltan e.g. Bukavu, Lubumbashi and Mayi. Gold was exported through Uganda and into United Arab Emirates. It was difficult to trace from there. It is worth noting that between 1995 and 2006,gold was one of Uganda’s main exports. Additionally, Uganda had GDP growth rate of 6% per annum in 1999 yet the average GDP in Sub-Saharan Africa was about 2.5%in the same time. These trade revenues undermined the power of the central Congolese government because the Ugandan economy gained more from D.R. Congo’s resources more than the DRC’s economy did. The fact that the international community was in one way or another involved in increasing conflict in the DRC is undeniable. If the corporate investors were genuinely trading with DRC to improve the state of the country, they would have questioned the legitimacy of the DRC based enterprises and suppliers. Another simultaneous consequence of the years of instability was an imbalance in the ecosystem. Wildlife products such as elephant tusks and animal skin were and are still very marketable globally. They were sold or bartered in exchange of food, ammunition and other goods. With a nation in strife, this meant that there were neither environmental regulations nor expensive wildlife products. In the 1990s, there were increased rates of elephant poaching and habitat encroachment in the forest areas of Kahuzi Beiga National Park. Statistics by the UN reveal that in the area of Garamba Park, north eastern DRC, 4000 out of 12000 elephants were killed between 1995 and 1999.[61]The area was controlled by Ugandan troops and Sudanese rebels. This created a human-animal conflict. The militia fed on wild meat when on their missions. Wild meat was also the only easily available food source for the displaced persons. Rebel leaders disarmed the guards in national parks, thus they were unable to patrol the forested areas. Local conservationists also raised the alarm on the decreasing numbers of the bonobo monkeys; famed for language learning abilities when in captivity and complex social behavi or in the wild(Gretchen Vogel).Another result of the clash between man and animal as suggested in the article â€Å"Effects of War and Civil Strife on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats†, was the spread of human monkey pox and bubonic plague. The people were exposed to more diseases other than water- borne and tropical diseases. With lack of adequate healthcare and restricted movements, the people’s lives were at risk too. The flora and soil were not spared either. The people burned the vegetation and cut trees to get timber and to create room for living and farming. Due to the uncertainty they were in, it is unlikely that their methods of farming were conservative e.g. overharvesting and thus leading to soil erosion. Timber, which is a fundamental raw material for the building industry, was cheaply available to local and international traders thus they found the political situation in the DRCongo very favourable to their activities. Globalization of trade and financial commodities in the world has a general pattern where most of the trade and investments are dominated by a few nations. They make policies that work to their advantage, a fact clearly outlined by Joseph E. Stilitzp in his article â€Å"Globalism Dis contents†. Agriculture, which is the backbone of many African countries, is sometimes left out in some of the import tariff reliefs given internationally on account of globalization. Some regional agreements also exercise some form of discriminatory trade towards agricultural products. Additionally, globalization has led to liquidity of funds due to free financial markets. This means that capital investments can quickly be converted to cash. African states are become vulnerable to liquidity perhaps because of several sectors of the economy that need quick monetary solutions and overreliance on foreign loans as Stiglitzp highlights. One probable outcome from this phenomena in the period of conflict in the D.R.C would be that the rich political leaders in the country became richer and richer whereas the common people sunk deeper into poverty. It is likely that the agricultural sector was neglected(and this is where the people economy was/is based)and the mining industry prioritized. Middlemen from some countries traded weapons and money, with the rebel groups and some political elite, for coltan and other minerals. It is also likely that some foreign companies were given full ownership rights of some mines after giving the leaders of the time were given some money. The Congolese will indeed find it hard to trust their leaders again. The harsh reality right now is that so many families are focused on the primary needs of fending for their families so the idea of demanding for their rights is would sound unpractical. The fragility of this state can be traced to the days of state formation and the nature of subsequent governments. If the leaders who came into power prioritized the formation of a strong army and building of the nation, then we would perhaps tell a different story. This region and several others in Sub-saharan Africa have faced a humanitarian,environmental and political turmoil for too long. To avoid a repeat of the civil war situation and its consequent effects, specific codes of conduct that promote economic and political stability should be considered in the globalization aspect. Foreign investments into Africa require strict policies and an end of the bargain that considers the welfare of the people e. g a company that wants to invest must contribute directly or indirectly towards building a hospital, school or social hall. This will be effective in ensuring that the transition between a globalized market and the previous one involves the whole society in all dimensions of life. This can only happen with government system that is dedicated to building a brighter future for these great nations. The effective building of DRCongo’s economy will involve Congo’s immediate neighbors, the whole of Africa and the world. Conservationists should develop programs in war torn areas so that resource conflicts do not arise in the future. Global gatherings that address environmental issues should also prioritize the critical environmental crisis the Democratic Republic of Congo and in other areas affected by similar or even worse conditions. REFERENCES Globalization, Culture and the Great Disruption: An Assessment International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences February 2012, Vol. 2, No. 2 Dena Montague, Stolen Goods: Coltan and Conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, SAIS Review 22.1 (2002) 103-118 Joseph P. Dudley1,*, Joshua R. Ginsberg2, Andrew J. Plumptre2, John A. Hart2, Liliana C. Campos3Conservation Biology Volume pages 319–329, April 2002 Effects of War and Civil Strife on Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats Alan Cowell, Letter from Britain: Lack of African Dream Lets a Nightmare Prevail by The International Herald Tribune, 2 August 2006 Stiglitz Joseph.Globalism Discontents Conflict in Congo Threatens Bonobos and Rare Gorillas * Gretchen Vogel Science 31 March 2000: 287 (5462), 2386-2387. [DOI:10.1126/science.287.5462.2386] Report of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 2002. Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner.(preface of the book)